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| Year : 2009 | Volume
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| Issue : 1 | Page : 44-48 |
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| Non-cuffed dual lumen catheters in the external jugular veins versus other central veins for hemodialysis patients |
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Majid Moini, Mohammad R Rasouli, Mohammad Mahmoodzadeh Kenari, Hamid Reza Mahmoodi
Division of Vascular Surgery, Sina Hospital, Medical Sciences/Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Click here for correspondence address and email
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 Abstract | | |
To compare prospective between insertion of non-cuffed dual lumen catheter in the external jugular vein and other central veins for hemodialysis (HD), we studied 68 chronic dialysis patients randomly allocated into two groups: one with external jugular vein catheterization as access for HD and another with other central venous catheterization, internal jugular or subclavian vein. Our results showed there were no significant differences regarding successful cannulation, complications, total numbers of dialysis, development of pain and infection at the site of cannulation, patency rate of the catheters, and efficacy of hemodialysis between both groups. In addition, the patency of the catheter in the external jugular vein was not affected by previous cannulation of other central veins. In contrast, there was a significant correlation between numbers of attempts for cannulation in both groups and development of hematoma and infection, (p< 0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that the external jugular vein may be an alternative for other central veins for insertion of temporary non-cuffed hemodialysis catheter. Keywords: Dual lumen catheter, Non-cuffed catheter, Hemodialysis, External jugular vein
How to cite this article:
Moini M, Rasouli MR, Kenari MM, Mahmoodi HR. Non-cuffed dual lumen catheters in the external jugular veins versus other central veins for hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2009;20:44-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Moini M, Rasouli MR, Kenari MM, Mahmoodi HR. Non-cuffed dual lumen catheters in the external jugular veins versus other central veins for hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [serial online] 2009 [cited 2020 Nov 25];20:44-8. Available from: https://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?2009/20/1/44/44705 |
| Introduction | |  |
Vascular access represents a major problem in long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. Implantation of catheters can provide a temporary or permanent central venous access for HD. [1] Complications associated with these catheters represent one of the most important sources of morbidity among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. There is no general agreement about the optimal vein for catheterization since risk factors for catheter related complications have not been entirely elucidated. [2]
External jugular vein has been introduced as an alternative vein for placement of venous catheters by several authors and the results of this procedure is compatible with standard methods. [3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]
The aim of our study was comparison between the results of insertion of non-cuffed dual lumen catheter for hemodialysis in the external jugular vein and cannulation of the internal jugular or subclavian veins in ESRD patients who were waiting for maturation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or graft (AVG).
| Patients and Methods | | |
This study was performed at Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The ethical committee of human research of our university approved the study. All patients signed a consent form before entering the study.
Patients with ESRD who had been referred to our center for implantation of temporary catheter were entered the study. The patients who needed catheter insertion for other causes such as acute renal failure, physiologic monitoring at the operating room or ICU were excluded from the study.
The study patients were randomly allocated to two groups of the central venous catheterization and the external jugular vein cannulation. In the central vein catheterization group, patients cannulated via the internal jugular vein or the subclavian vein in case the patients had previous history of the internal jugular vein cannulation. Preoperative imaging was not performed in these patients.
All the catheters inserted under local anesthesia and sterile condition. The patients were positioned in a Trendelenburg position, and by using a needle and syringe the location of the veins were identified. Then, Seldinger's technique was used to cannulate the vein with a guide wire. [9] The guide wire was passed through the lumen of a large-bore needle into the vein. This was followed by dilators to make a passage for the catheter. Then, the catheter was passed over the guide wire into position within the central venous circulation. We didn't use ultrasound or fluoroscopy to guide the insertion of the catheters. Chest x-ray was used to determine the catheter site after insertion.
Data such as demographics, history of neck surgery, previous central vein cannulation and fracture of the clavicle were obtained from questionnaires that had been filled by vascular surgeon after procedure.
The patients were followed up monthly for 3 months and in each visit the following items were assessed:
- Development of catheter infection.
- Patency of the catheter.
- Efficacy of hemodialysis, which was subjective and defined as improvement of general condition of patient after HD.
- Pain at the site of the catheter.
Statistical analysis
Statistical comparison was performed by x² analysis using SPSS software (version 10). P values < 0.05 were considered significant.
| Results | | |
Sixty-eight patients (38 male and 30 female) entered the study and divided into two groups randomly. Patients of the first group were catheterized via the central (internal jugular or subclavian) veins, while the second group was cannulated via the external jugular vein. The mean age of the patients was 52 ± 12.6 years, which ranged from 29 to 78 years. The causes of chronic renal failure of the patients are shown in [Table 1].
Group 1 (34 cases)
In this group all the patients were cannulated via the internal jugular or the subclavian veins [Table 2]. The age of the patients ranged from 29 to 78 (mean: 51.5 ±12.9) years. Of 34 cases, 21 patients had no history of previous central venous cannulation, while 9, 3, and 1 cases had the history of catheterization for 1, 2 and 3 times, respectively.
We could insert the dual lumen catheter at firs attempt of cannulation in 18 (52%) patients, while the cannulation was successful in 12 (35%) cases in the second attempt. The dual lumen catheter was inserted in 3 and 1 cases after 3 and 4 times of attempt of cannulation, respectively. Four patients (2 men and 2 women) developed hematoma at the site of cannulation. Other complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, and arterial rupture or mispuncture did not occur in this group. [Table 4] shows complications occurred in this group.
Of 34 cases, hemodialysis was not possible with the inserted catheter in 2 cases, therefore, we were forced to cannulate these patients via the external jugular vein.
The number of hemodialysis was less than 20 in 6 (17%) patients, while in 13 (34%) patients it was more than 30 times. It ranged from 20 to 30 times in remainders, [Table 5].
Group 2 (34 cases)
The dual lumen catheter was inserted in the external jugular vein in this group [Table 3]. Two patients in this group lost to follow-up. The mean age of the patients was 52.5 ± 12.6 (ranged from 32 to 78) years. Eighteen patients were not cannulated previously. However, 8, 4, and 2 patients had previous history of catheter placement for 1, 2, and 3 times, respectively. Two patients had been cannulated for 4 times. There were 1, 2, and 3 attempts of cannulation in 22, 9, and 3 cases, respectively.
Of 32 cases, HD was not possible in 2 (6%) cases with the inserted catheter, and they were cannulated via central veins.
Hematoma developed in 5 cases (one man and 4 women) at the site of the catheter insertion. Pneumothorax, hemothorax, and arterial rupture or mispuncture did not occur in this group, too, [Table 4].
The number of HD sessions was less than 20 in 6 (18%) patients and more than 30 times in 8 (25%) cases. In the remainder, it was between 20 to 30 times,[Table 5].
Comparison between the two study groups
Our results showed there were no significant differences regarding successful cannulation, complications, total numbers of dialysis, development of pain and infection at the site of cannulation, patency rate of the catheters, and efficacy of HD between both groups. In addition, the patency of the catheter in the external jugular vein was not affected by previous cannulation of other central veins.
In contrast, there was a significant correlation between numbers of attempts for cannulation both groups and development of hematoma and infection, (p< 0.05).
| Discussion | | |
Our results are in favor of using the external jugular vein for catheterization and use as a vascular access for HD.
Efficacy of the external jugular vein catheterization for different purposes has been emphasized in several studies. [3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8] In 1990, Manishen, et al reported successful insertion of triple-lumen catheter in the external jugular vein instead of the central veins cannulation. [4] Taylor and associates in 1992 cathetrized all the children who needed cardiac surgery via the external jugular vein. [5] They reported successful cannulation in 51% of the patients. In the present study we used the external jugular vein to insert noncuffed dual lumen catheter in patients with chronic renal failure who needed temporary vascular access for hemodialysis before maturation of AVF or AVG.
In Iran, non-cuffed catheters are usually used as temporary vascular accesses of HD. It is the reason that we used these catheters in this study. However, higher rate of infection in these kinds of catheters is well known. [10],[11],[12],[13] Patients followed up for 3 months during the maturation of permanent vascular accesses, which was an appropriate period for evaluation of complications and efficacy of the catheters.
Although the use of the "temporary" jugular catheter is advised for less than 3 weeks, [14] our results showed these catheters could be used for longer periods with acceptable rates of complications and patency as previously reported. [15]
Of 66 patients remained in the study, infection and thrombosis of the catheter occurred in 4 (6%) and 5 (8%) of the cases. All the infections occurred during the third month, while all the thrombosis occurred during the second month. Thrombosis of the subclavian developed in one patient and manifested with upper extremity edema.
Although pneumothorax follows insertion of the central venous catheter in 1% to 6% of cases, [16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21] it did not occur in our study. Similarly, we did not encounter other serious complications such as hemothorax or carotid artery mispuncture.
Our results showed there were no significant differences regarding successful cannulation, complications, numbers of dialysis, development of pain and infection at the site cannulation, patency rate of the catheters and efficacy of hemodialysis between both study groups.
Previous history of central venous cannulation and numbers of attempts of catheter insertion are independent risk factors for development of complications. [22],[23] According to our findings, previous cannulation of the central veins does not influence patency of the catheters inserted in the external jugular veins. This is an advantage for patients who have history of central venous catheterization. However, by increasing the numbers of attempts for cannulation of the external jugular vein, the risk of development of complications such as hematoma and infection increases.
According to these facts, it seems that the external jugular vein not only can be used as an alternative for the internal jugular and subclavian veins for insertion of temporary noncuffed hemodialysis catheters, but also can be used as the technique of choice in patients with previous history of the central veins' catheterizations.
| References | | |
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Correspondence Address:
Majid Moini
Associate Professor of Vascular Surgery, Sina Hospital, Hassan-Abad Square, Tehran, 1136933511
Iran
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PMID: 19112218 
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5] |
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