| |
|
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 5 | Page : 931-934 |
|
| Plasmacytoma of the kidney |
|
|
Ritesh Mongha1, Srinivas Narayan1, Arindam Dutta1, Sushma Sharma2, Chatterjee Uttara3, Anup Kumar Kundu1
1 Department of Urology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
2 Department of General Medicine, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
3 Department of Pathology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 31-Aug-2010 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare malignant neoplasm typically arising outside the bone marrow of patients who show no clinical evidence of multiple myeloma. Kidney is a rare site for plasmacytoma. We present here a case of primary renal plasmacytoma confirmed on histopathology of the specimen and immuno-histochemistry studies. Patient was treated with radical nephrectomy followed by radiotherapy. The case is presented due to its rarity.
How to cite this article:
Mongha R, Narayan S, Dutta A, Sharma S, Uttara C, Kundu AK. Plasmacytoma of the kidney. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010;21:931-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Mongha R, Narayan S, Dutta A, Sharma S, Uttara C, Kundu AK. Plasmacytoma of the kidney. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [serial online] 2010 [cited 2021 Dec 3];21:931-4. Available from: https://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?2010/21/5/931/68895 |
| Introduction | |  |
Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a very rare malignant neoplasm arising outside the bone marrow. 80-90% of tumors develop in the head and neck area, especially in the aero digestive tract making up to 1% of the tumors of head and neck region. While solitary plasmacytoma of bone is viewed as a localized form of plasma cell neoplasm. [1] They are associated with a much better prognosis than multiple myeloma. [2] We present a case of renal plasmacytoma, a rare pathological variety of renal neoplasm. Our case was proved to be a solitary extramedullary, renal plasmacytoma following a series of detailed clinical, biochemical, hematological, and radiological investigations ruling out other sites of myeloma. Management of renal plasmacytoma is also discussed.
| Case History | | |
A 58 years old male patient presented with three months history of pain right lumbar region. He had no history of hematuria, stone disease, hypertension, diabetes, weight loss or anorexia. Patient had ballotable lump right lumbar region. His Hb% was 12.8 g%, total leukocyte count 7800/mm 3 , differential count: neutrophils 68%, lymphocyte 24%, Eosinophill 5% and basophills 3% . His renal and liver function tests were normal (Urea 28 mg%, Creatinine 1.1 mg%, Total bilirubin 0.8 mg%, ALT 32 IU/L, AST 27 IU/L, Alkaline phosphatase 118 IU/L). Serum Calcium was 9.1 mg% . Chest X-ray was normal. Ultrasound revealed a mass occupying the lower half of right kidney. Contrast enhanced CT-scan showed a large heterogeneously enhancing mass 9.74 cm Χ 6.92 cm Χ 9.10 cm involving postero-medial aspect of right kidney [Figure 1]. Fat planes with surrounding structures were maintained and renal vessels were normal. Right radical nephrectomy was done. Post operative period was uneventful. Histopathology of the resected specimen showed sheets of round monomorphic cells with vesicular and eccentric nucleus (H & E Χ 250) [Figure 2]. High power view (H & E Χ 400) showed plasma cells with basophilic cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei and typical peripheral condensation of the chromatin [Figure 3]. Lymph nodes were free from tumor deposits. The tumor had positive immunostaining for lambda chains, vimentin, and VS38, characteristic of plasma cells. It was negative for kappa chains, cytokeratin (CK), MPO, CD45 and CD20. | Figure 1 :Contrast Enhanced CT-scan showing large heterogeneously enhancing mass involving right kidney.
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2 :Histopathological examination showing round monomorphic cells with vesicular and eccentric nucleus (H &E × 250).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3 :High power view (H & E × 400) showing plasma cells with basophilic cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei and peripheral condensation of the chromatin.
Click here to view |
In view of histopathology report, patient was investigated for other sites of myeloma. Urine Bence Jones proteins were negative, serum electrophoresis showed no M-band and bone marrow biopsy was normal. This all proved it to be primary renal plasmacytoma. Adjuvant radiation therapy was given in doses of 45 Gy in 25 fractions. Patient at one year follow showed no evidence of recurrence.
| Discussion | | |
Extramedullary plasmacytoma is defined as a solitary tumor composed of monoclonal proliferation of cells with plasmacytic differentiation in an extramedullary site. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are uncommon tumors, with a worldwide annual incidence of 3 per 100,000 populations. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas account for less than 3-10% of all plasma cell neoplasms. [3] Extramedullary plasmacytomas are three times more common in male and the median age is 55 years which is around ten years younger than the patients with multiple myeloma. [4],[5],[6] Only few case report of extra medullary plasmacytoma affecting the kidney are published in the literature. [7],[8],[9] The diagnosis of localized plasmacytoma can be made only after detailed clinical, biochemical, hematological, and radiological investigations excluding the possibility of localized presentation of multiple myeloma such as in our case.
Radiological findings in renal plasmacytoma are indistinguishable from those of renal cell carcinoma and tissue biopsy showing monoclenal plasma cell histology with out any evidence of multiple Myeloma is the only way of diagnosis. [6] In our case histopathology revealed plasmacytoma, thus immunohistochemical staining was carried out which showed monoclonal immunoglobulin. It has been reported that failure to stain for CD45 and CD20 is highly characteristic for neoplastic plasma cells. [10] VS38 is a newly available monoclonal antibody for detecting plasma cell differentiation in routine sections. [11] The neoplastic cells in our case were positive for VS38 and negative for CD45 and CD20. The immunohistochemical study supported the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. Subsequently bone marrow biopsy, urinary Bence Jones Proteins and Serum protein electrophoresis ruled out systemic disease and confirmed the diagnosis of primary renal plasmacytoma.
Soft tissue plasmacytoma can be classified into 3 clinical stages: Stage I-Limited to an extramedullary site, Stage II-Involvement of regional lymph nodes, Stage III-Multiple metastasis (although it is no longer a solitary plasmacytoma). [12] The treatment for extramedullary plasmacytoma is surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of both. Plasmacytomas are generally very radiosensitive. [1],[2] Combined therapy (surgery and radiotherapy) is an accepted treatment depending on the resectability of the lesion. In fact, combination treatment may provide the best results. The optimal dose for local control is 40-50 Gy (depending on tumor size) delivered over 4-6 weeks. [1] Chemotherapy is advisable for patients who have a generalized extramedullary plasmacytoma, refractory or relapsed disease. Regimens used for multiple myeloma can be considered. [13]
In solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma the 10-year overall survival rate is 70%. [13] The rate of progression to multiple myeloma is lower than in solitary bone plasmacytoma, ranging from 11-30% at ten years. [5] In a review of 721 cases of extra medullary plasmacytoma, after treatment, approximately 65% of patients were free of recurrence and did not progress to multiple myeloma, 22% experienced recurrence, and 15% of cases evolved into multiple myeloma. [4] Our patient has been free of local recurrence and systemic disease at one year follow up.
In conclusion, plasmacytoma of the kidney is a rare tumor and needs extensive investigations to rule out multiple myeloma. The treatment is nephrectomy and localized radiotherapy.
| References | | |
| 1. | Liebross RH, Ha CS, Cox JD, Weber D, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Solitary bone plasmacytoma: outcome and prognostic factors following radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;41(5):1063-7.  |
| 2. | Dimopoulos MA, Kiamouris C, Moulopoulos LA. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999;13(6):1249-57. |
| 3. | Weichhold W, Labouyrie E, Merlio JP, Masson B, de Mascarel A. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the liver. A case report. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19(10):1197-202. |
| 4. | Alexiou C, Kau RJ, Dietzfelbinger H, Kremer M, Spiess JC, Schratzenstaller B, Arnold W. Extramedullary plasmacytoma: tumor occurrence and therapeutic concepts. Cancer 1999;85(11): 2305-14. |
| 5. | Hu K, Yahalom J. Radiotherapy in the management of plasma cell tumors. Oncology (Williston Park) 2000;14(1):101-8,111; discussion 1112,115. |
| 6. | Galieni P, Cavo M, Pulsoni A, et al. Clinical out-come of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Haematologica 2000;85(1):47-51. |
| 7. | Fan F, Deauna-Limayo D, Brantley Thrasher J, Damjanov I. Anaplastic plasmacytoma of the kidney. Histopathology 2005;47(4):432-3. |
| 8. | Tejido Sanchez A, Hernandez Martinez E, Ortiz MC, et al. Renal plasmacytoma. Report of a new case. Arch Esp Urol 2001;54(7):718-22. |
| 9. | Kandel LB, Harrison LH, Woodruff RD, Williams CD, Ahl ET Jr. Renal plasmacytoma: a case report and summary of reported cases. J Urol 1984;132(6):1167-9. |
| 10. | Strickler JG, Audeh MW, Copenhaver CM, Warnke RA. Immunophenotypic differences between plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma and immunoblastic lymphoma. Cancer 1988;61(9): 1782-6. |
| 11. | VS38: a new monoclonal antibody for detecting plasma cell differentiation in routine sections. J Clin Pathol 1994;47(5):418-22. |
| 12. | Wiltshaw E. The natural history of extramedullary plasmacytoma and its relation to solitary myeloma of bone and myelomatosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976;55(3):217-38. |
| 13. | Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004;16(6):405-13. |
Correspondence Address:
Ritesh Mongha
Senior Resident, Department of Urology, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata
India
  | Check |
PMID: 20814135 
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Retroperitoneal plasmacytoma |
|
| Safar, B. and Thupili, C. and Gandhi, N. | | Journal of Urology. 2013; 190(1): 280-281 | | [Pubmed] | | | 2 |
Renal plasmacytoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature |
|
| Zhang, S.-Q. and Dong, P. and Zhang, Z.-L. and Wu, S. and Guo, S.-J. and Yao, K. and Li, Y.-H. and Liu, Z.-W. and Han, H. and Qin, Z.-K. and Cai, Z.-M. and Li, X.-X. and Zhou, F.-J. | | Oncology Letters. 2013; 5(6): 1839-1843 | | [Pubmed] | | | 3 |
Beyond renal cell carcinoma: Rare and unusual renal masses |
|
| Raman, S.P. and Hruban, R.H. and Fishman, E.K. | | Abdominal Imaging. 2012; 37(5): 873-884 | | [Pubmed] | | | 4 |
Common and Less-Common Renal Masses and Masslike Conditions |
|
| Taneja, R. and Bhargava, P. and Cuevas, C. and Dighe, M.K. | | Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2012; 50(2): 245-257 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 4352 | | | Printed | 144 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 618 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 4 | | |
|
|
