| |
|
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 6 | Page : 1048-1052 |
|
| Does regional anesthesia influence early outcome of upper arm arteriovenous fistula? |
|
|
Mohamed A Elsharawy1, Roshdi Al-metwalli2
1 Department of Surgery, King Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Anesthesia, King Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 4-Nov-2010 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
To assess the effect of regional anesthesia on the outcome of elbow arteriovenous fistula (AVF), prospectively studied consecutive patients with end-stage renal disease referred for permanent vascular access to the Vascular Unit of King Fahd University Hospital between September 2004 and September 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: patients who underwent the construction of the AVF under regional anesthesia and Group 2: patients who were operated under general anesthesia, indicated by their preferences or failure of regional anesthesia. Data including patient characteristics and type of AVF were recorded. The internal diameter of the vein and the artery and intra-operative blood flow were measured. The complications of both types of anesthesia were recorded. The patients were followed up for three months. Eighty four cases were recruited in this study. Complete brachial plexus block was achieved in 57 (68%) patients. Seven patients were converted to general anesthesia and 20 patients had AVF under general anesthesia from the start. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to basic characteristics or operative data. There were no instances of systemic toxicity, hematomas, or nerve injury from the regional block. No major complications were reported from the general anesthesia. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding early failure of AVF (Group 1, 14% vs. Group2; 11%. P= 0.80). No significant advantage of regional over general anesthesia in terms of early outcome of AVF was seen in this study.
How to cite this article:
Elsharawy MA, Al-metwalli R. Does regional anesthesia influence early outcome of upper arm arteriovenous fistula?. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010;21:1048-52 |
How to cite this URL:
Elsharawy MA, Al-metwalli R. Does regional anesthesia influence early outcome of upper arm arteriovenous fistula?. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [serial online] 2010 [cited 2021 Jan 27];21:1048-52. Available from: https://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?2010/21/6/1048/72290 |
| Introduction | |  |
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) have been shown to have higher long-term primary and secondary patency rates when compared with prosthetic grafts. [1],[2] Most of the superficial veins of the forearm of hemodialysis (HD) patients usually have segmental occlusions as a result of multiple intravenous infusions during repeated hospital admissions. This has resulted in an increase in the construction of upper arm AVF. These types of procedures usually take longer time, entail more dissection and require prolonged anesthesia.
Since local anesthesia is not ideal in these situations, general or regional anesthesias are usually required. The possible benefits of regional anesthesia are avoidance of hemodynamic instability, stress response of general anesthesia, faster recovery, and less hypotension because only a limited vascular bed is affected by the anesthetics. [3],[4] Moreover, a recent study has shown that the use of regional anesthesia in elbow AVF causes significant vasodilatation and improvement of blood flow. [5] However, no prospective study had shown that this effect can improve the outcome of the AVF.
The aim of this study is to assess if regional anesthesia can affect early success of elbow AVF.
| Patients and Methods | | |
A prospective study was performed on consecutive patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) referred to the vascular unit of King Fahd university hospital between September 2004 and September 2007 for permanent vascular access and received upper arm AVF. Careful examination of the arteries and superficial veins of the upper extremity was performed on all the study patients. Patients with signs of diseased arteries (absent or diminished pulses) underwent pre-operative duplex ultrasonography.
Preoperative upper limb venography was indicated if: (1) superficial veins were not visible such as children, obese patients, and those with limb edema; (2) vascular access is attempted for the second time in the same arm; (3) a central vein line had been inserted previously. Based on the preoperative examination and venous mapping, the vascular access was planned. The vessels were considered adequate for construction of a fistula if the diameter of the artery was more than 2 mm and that of the vein was greater than 2.5 mm. The guidelines were followed for the order in which vascular access should be at tempted. [6]
All patients who required vascular access other than elbow AVF were excluded from the study. Data including age, gender, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous history of access surgery, and the type of AVF were recorded.
The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1; those who underwent the operation under regional anesthesia and Group 2; patients who were operated on under general anesthesia, indicated by their preferences or failure of regional anesthesia.
Anesthetic techniques
Brachial plexus block was performed by a senior and experienced anesthesiologist using a supra-clavicular approach. The patient was placed in the supine position, with the head turned away and the ipsilateral arm adducted. The interscalene groove and mid-point of the clavicle were identified. After an aseptic preparation of the area, at a point 1.5 to 2.0 cm posterior to the midpoint of the clavicle, a skin wheal was raised with local anesthetic. A 22-G, 4-cm "short beveled" needle with a nerve stimulator was passed through the same point in a caudal, slightly medial and posterior direction. The current was adjusted until appropriate twitching of the hand was achieved at 0.4 mA. After a negative aspiration test, 0.4mL/kg of bupivacaine 0.375% was injected over 1 min, with repeated aspiration every 5 mL. Assessment of the block and hemodynamic variables were recorded.
After 30 min, if the block was considered to be adequate, surgery was commenced. Local infiltration of 1% Lignocaine was sometimes required to cover the axilla. The patient was sedated (if requested) using i.v. bolus doses of 0.5 mg of midazolam. If the block was deemed inadequate for surgery, the patient would be given general anesthesia after induction with propofol 1.5-2 mg/kg and 50 ug of fentanyl. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane 1-2% with 30% N2O in O2 and bolus doses of 50 μg fentanyl as required.
Operative Procedure
All the study patients received a preoperative prophylactic single dose of antibiotic (coamoxiclav 1.2 g and were operated on by the same vascular surgeon or his senior resident, under supervision. After exposure of the artery and sufficient mobilization of the vein, the internal dia-meter of the vein and artery was measured using a coronary dilator or a ruler. If the diameter was considered adequate, an end-to-side vein-to-artery anastomosis was performed using 6-0 polypropylene.
All the patients received intravenous heparin during surgery to prevent thrombosis. In case of brachial basilic vein fistulas, superficialization of the basilic vein was performed before the vascular anastomosis. About five minutes after completion of the anastomosis, intra-operative blood flow (in mL/min) was measured using a handheld flow probe (Transonic System Inc. HT207, Ithaca, USA).
Postoperative evaluation was performed by palpation and auscultation. The patients were followed up jointly by the nephrologists and the vascular surgeon. Dialysis was usually started by means of a central vein catheter until cannulation of the fistula became possible. The first cannulation was performed when the vein had matured adequately, usually after six to eight weeks. Follow-up was continued for three months after the procedure or earlier if there was failure of the fistula or the patient died. Failure of the fistula was defined as fistula thrombosis or an inability to cannulate both arterial and venous needles or to obtain sufficient dialysis blood flow (> 350 mL/min) eight weeks after creation of the fistula.
| Statistical Analysis | | |
Data for the two groups were summarized either as percentage of the patient characteristic or success of AVF or as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between the groups were tested for statistical significance using t-test, chisquare test, Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Significance was set at P< 0.05 for all comparisons. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15 software (Chicago, USA).
| Results | | |
During the study period, 85 patients had AVF constructed at the elbow. One patient died after a kidney transplant. Thus, the study was performed on 84 AVF. There were 47 (56%) males. The average age was 46 ± 14 years, with age ranging from 15 to75 years. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in this cohort was 77% [Table 1]. Brachiobasilic fistula was the most commonly used AVF [Table 2]. Preoperative venous mapping was required in 68(81%) patients. Complete brachial plexus block was achieved in 57 (68%) patients. Seven (8%) patients were converted to general anesthesia and 20 (24%) patients had AVF under general anesthesia from the start. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to basic characteristics or operative data [Table 1] and [Table 2]. Early failure was in 11 (13%) AVF. There were no significant differences (P = 0.8) between the 2 groups with regard to early outcome of the AVF [Table 3]. There were no instances of systemic toxicity, hematomas, or nerve injury from the block, and no major complications were encountered from the general anesthesia. | Table 3 :Effect of type of anaesthesia on the early outcome of arteriovenous fistulae.
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
During the last few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of regional anesthesia instead of general anesthesia for vascular procedures. One of such procedures is vascular access for HD patients who usually have high prevalence of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in addition to the ESRD. [7] In these situations general anaesthesia is more risky than regional anaesthesia because of the stress of induction and hypotension associated with it. [3],[4],[8] In the present study, the ratio of general to regional anesthesia was 1:2 compared to 1:2.5 in other studies. [7]
Many authors [9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16] have studied the effect of general factors such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia on the outcome of AVF. There were also extensive studies [10],[11],[14],[17],[18] about the impact of operative factors e.g. the internal diameter of the vein and artery and intra-operative blood flow on the success of AVF. However, there was only one retrospective study, which addressed the effect of the anesthetic technique on outcome in the creation of AVF. [7] Although the present study was nonrandomized, there was no significant difference between the general and regional anesthesia with regard to the previously mentioned risk factors that can affect the outcome of AVF.
In the present study, aggressive measures were adopted to reduce the incidence of AVF failure. These included liberal use of venous mapping [19],[20] and intra-operative heparin. [21] Most of our cases exhibited optimal arterial and venous diameters. Moreover, the younger age group of our patients may explain low incidence of failure in the present study.
Despite the proven ability of the brachial plexus block to vasodialate the vessels feeding the AV fistula, [5],[22] the present study and others [7] showed no advantage of regional over general anaesthesia with regard to the early outcome of AVF. One possible explanation is that the factors in the days immediately after the creation of fistula are more important in causing thrombosis than intra-operative factors. [7] Moreover, if a suitable artery and vein are chosen for AVF creation like in this study, vasodilatation by brachial block will probably have little effect if any on the outcome of AVF.
Patients with ESRD are at increased risk of developing several serious post-anesthetic complications. [23] Although, there were no major complications from general anesthesia in the present study, it is possible that there was bias to select regional anesthesia for higher risk patients. Moreover, the number of cases, which had general anesthesia was not large so that a small adverse effect could have been missed. Although, there are reports of hazards of regional anesthesia such as seizures, [24] nerve injury [25] and delayed diagnosis of acute ischemia of the hand, [26] there were no adverse effects from regional anesthesia in the present and others studies. [7]
In conclusion, this study did not show advantage of regional over general anesthesia in terms of early outcome of AVF.
| References | | |
| 1. | Pisoni Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, et al. Vascular access use in Europe and the United States from the DOPPS. Kidney Int 2002; 61:305-16. 
|
| 2. | Kherlakian GM, Roedersheimer LR, Arbaugh JJ, Newmark KJ, King LR. Comparison of autogenous fistula versus expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for angioaccess in hemodialysis. Am J Surg 1986;152:238-43.
[PUBMED] |
| 3. | Eldredge S, Sperry RJ, Johnson JO. Regional anesthesia for arteriovenous fistula creation in the forearm: a new approach. Anesthesiology 1992;77:1230 -1.
|
| 4. | Weissman C. The metabolic response to stress: an overview and update. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:308-27.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Hingorani AP, Ascher E, Gupta P, et al. Regional anesthesia: preferred technique for venodilatation in the creation of upper extremity arteriovenous fistulae. Vascular 2006;14:23-6.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, et al. EBPG on Vascular Access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(Suppl2):88-117.
|
| 7. | Solomonson MD, Johnson ME, Ilstrup D. Risk factors in patients having surgery to create an arteriovenous fistula. Anesth Analg 1994;79:694-700.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Seltzer JL. Is regional anesthesia preferable to general anesthesia for outpatient surgical procedures on an upper extremity? Mayo Clin Proc 1991;66:544-7.
[PUBMED] |
| 9. | Schild AF, Prieto J, Glenn M, et al. Maturation and failure rates in a large series of arteriovenous dialysis access fistulas. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;38:449-53.
|
| 10. | Malovrh M. Native arteriovenous fistula: preoperative evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:1218-25.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 11. | Elsharawy MA. Prospective Evaluation of Factors Associated with Early Failure of Arteriovenous Fistulae in Hemodialysis Patients. Vascular 2006;14:234-9.
|
| 12. | Kim YO, Yang CW, Yoon SA, et al. Access blood flow as a predictor of early failures of native arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2001;21:221-5.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 13. | Johnson CP, Zhu Y, Matt C, Pelz C, Roza AM, Adams MB. Prognostic value of intraoperative blood flow measurements in vascular access surgery. Surgery 1998;124:729-38.
|
| 14. | Ernandez T, Sudan P, Berney T, Merminod T, Bednarkiewicz M, Martin PY. Risk factors for early failure of native arteriovenous fistulas. Nephron Clin Pract 2005;101:39-44.
|
| 15. | Lin SL, Huang CH, Chen HS, et al. Effects of age and diabetes on blood flow rate and primary outcome of newly created hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. Am J Nephrol 1998;18:96-100.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Roa RK, Azin GD, Hood DB, et al. Basilic vein transposition fistula: a good option for maintaining hemodialysis access site options. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:1043-7.
|
| 17. | Wong V, Ward R, Taylor J, et al. Factors associated with early failure of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;12:207-13.
[PUBMED] |
| 18. | Silva MB, Hobson RW, Pappas PJ. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:302-7.
|
| 19. | Allon M, Lockhart ME, Lilly RZ, et al. Effect of preoperative sonographic mapping on vascular access outcome in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001;60:2013-20.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 20. | Elsharawy MA, Moghazy KM. Impact of preoperative venography on the planning and outcome of vascular access for hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Access. 2006;7:123-8.
|
| 21. | Puskar D, Pasini J, Savic I, Sonicki Z. Survival of primary arteriovenous fistula in 463 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Croat Med J 2002;43: 306-11.
|
| 22. | Shemesh D, Olsha O, Orkin D, Raveh D, Goldin I, Reichenstein Y, Zigelman C. Sympathectomylike effects of brachial plexus block in arteriovenous access surgery. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006;32:817-22.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 23. | RodrrIguez J, Quintela O, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Barcena M, Diz C, Alvarez J. High doses of mepivacaine for brachial plexus block in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure. A pilot study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001;18:171-6.
|
| 24. | Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, Litt L, Rouvier B, Samii K. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia: results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology 1997;87:479-86.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 25. | Imashuku Y, Kitagawa H, Takahashi K, Ishii T, Iwashita N. A case of nerve injury after vascular access surgery under brachial plexus block. Masui 2003;52:1224-6.
[PUBMED] |
| 26. | Leonard IE, Chinappa V. Vascular access procedures for haemodialysis-potential hazard of regional anesthesia. Anesthesia 2001;56:917-8.
|
Correspondence Address:
Mohamed A Elsharawy
Departments of Surgery, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 40081, Al-Khobar 31952
Saudi Arabia
  | Check |
PMID: 21060172 
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 3460 | | | Printed | 85 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 674 | | | Comments | [Add] | | |
|
|
